What type of reaction is dehydration synthesis

As additional monomers join via multiple dehydration synthesis reactions, the chain of repeating monomers begins to form a polymer. Different types of monomers can combine in many configurations, giving rise to a diverse group of macromolecules. Three of the four major classes of biological macromolecules complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins , are composed of monomers that join together via dehydration synthesis reactions. Complex carbohydrates are formed from monosaccharides, nucleic acids are formed from mononucleotides, and proteins are formed from amino acids.

There is great diversity in the manner by which monomers can combine to form polymers. For example, glucose monomers are the constituents of starch, glycogen, and cellulose. These three are polysaccharides, classified as carbohydrates, that have formed as a result of multiple dehydration synthesis reactions between glucose monomers.

However, the manner by which glucose monomers join together, specifically locations of the covalent bonds between connected monomers and the orientation stereochemistry of the covalent bonds, results in these three different polysaccharides with varying properties and functions. In nucleic acids and proteins, the location and stereochemistry of the covalent linkages connecting the monomers do not vary from molecule to molecule, but instead the multiple kinds of monomers five different monomers in nucleic acids, A, G, C, T, and U mononucleotides; 21 different amino acids monomers in proteins are combined in a huge variety of sequences.

Each protein or nucleic acid with a different sequence is a different molecule with different properties. Hydrolysis reactions result in the breakdown of polymers into monomers by using a water molecule and an enzymatic catalyst. During these reactions, the polymer is broken into two components. If the components are un-ionized, one part gains a hydrogen atom H- and the other gains a hydroxyl group OH— from a split water molecule. This is what happens when monosaccharides are released from complex carbohydrates via hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis reaction generating un-ionized products. One glucose gets a hydroxyl group at the site of the former covalent bond, the other glucose gets a hydrogen atom. This is the reverse of the dehydration synthesis reaction joining these two monomers. If the components are ionized after the split, one part gains two hydrogen atoms and a positive charge, the other part gains an oxygen atom and a negative charge. This is what happens when amino acids are released from protein chains via hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis reaction generating ionized products. One amino acid gets an oxygen atom and a negative charge, the other amino acid gets two hydrogen atoms and a positive charge. These reactions are in contrast to dehydration synthesis also known as condensation reactions.

In dehydration synthesis reactions, a water molecule is formed as a result of generating a covalent bond between two monomeric components in a larger polymer. In hydrolysis reactions, a water molecule is consumed as a result of breaking the covalent bond holding together two components of a polymer. In our bodies, food is first hydrolyzed, or broken down, into smaller molecules by catalytic enzymes in the digestive tract.

This allows for easy absorption of nutrients by cells in the intestine. Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme. For instance, carbohydrates are broken down by amylase, sucrase, lactase, or maltase. Proteins are broken down by the enzymes trypsin, pepsin, peptidase and others. Lipids are broken down by lipases. Once the smaller metabolites that result from these hydrolytic enzymezes are absorbed by cells in the body, they are further broken down by other enzymes.

We essentially had some hydronium. We had a hydrogen proton out here before and we still do. Now it's attached to a water, so we've take a proton and we've given back a proton, so we have a net-net kind of added charge or taken charge away from the system. But the important thing that we just saw is as these two things essentially attached, we lost a water molecule, or I guess net-net, this system lost a water molecule. It took up a charge to do it, to build that water molecule, but the thing that really kind of escaped from both of these two molecules is this, is this right over here.

This H is this H, this oxygen is this oxygen. And this hydrogen is this hydrogen right over here. And so this type of a reaction in which we're synthesizing a more complex molecule, a longer chain of glucose molecules, this is called a dehydration synthesis.

So what we just did, this right over here is called a dehydration synthesis. Why are we calling it a dehydration synthesis?

Well, we've just taken a water out. If you imagine losing water, we talk about you're getting dehydrated. And why synthesis? Well, we put two things together. We synthesized a larger molecule.

Sometimes this would be called a condensation reaction. Condensation reaction. And by doing this, these two glucose molecules are able to form a disaccharide now. So each individually, they were monosaccharides, so this one on the right, that's a monosaccharide. What does monosaccharide mean? Well, it means, mono means single or one and saccharide comes from the Greek word for sugar.

The Greek word for sugar is, I'm gonna mispronounce it, is sakcharon. When people talk about something being saccharine, they're saying something is very, very sweet. The Greek word for sugar is sakcharon. So saccharide means it's a sugar, it's a single sugar. So that meaning there, sugar. And the general term saccharide refers to not just the simple sugars, monosaccharides, but it could mean two of these things put together.

And there's other simple sugars, fructose and others. Or it could mean a huge number of these put together. You could have polysaccharides. And that whole class, saccharides, we also associate with carbohydrates. Now we went from two monosaccharides to right over here. This is a disaccharide. This is a disaccharide, we have two. You will only be able to see the first 20 seconds.

We recommend downloading the newest version of Flash here, but we support all versions 10 and above. If that doesn't help, please let us know. Unable to load video. Please check your Internet connection and reload this page. If the problem continues, please let us know and we'll try to help. An unexpected error occurred. Previous Video 3. Next Video 3. For instance, individual monosaccharides such as glucose are covalently bonded together through the removal of two hydrogens and one oxygen, forming water as the byproduct.

The reactants will continue to lose water hence dehydration as they are synthesized into a polymer a carbohydrate like amylose. Thus this process creates a divers set of possibilities beyond morphing sugar into complex starches. Dehydration synthesis is the chemical process in which two molecules are covalently linked together with the release of a water molecule.

Many physiologically important compounds are formed by dehydration synthesis, for example, complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA. Sugar molecules can be covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis, also called condensation reaction. The resulting stable bond is called a glycosidic bond. To form the bond, a hydroxyl -OH group from one reactant and a hydrogen atom from the other form water, while the remaining oxygen links the two compounds. For each additional bond that is formed, another molecule of water is released, literally dehydrating the reactants.

For example, individual glucose molecules monomers can undergo repeated dehydration synthesis to create a long chain or branched compound. Such a compound, with repeating identical or similar subunits, is called a polymer. Given the diverse set of sugar monomers, and variation in the location of the linkage, a virtually unlimited number of sugar polymers can be built.

Plants produce simple carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in a process called photosynthesis. Plants store the resulting sugars i. Cellulose is likewise built from glucose monomers and is the building block of the cell wall in plants. Animals consume complex carbohydrates and break them down. The monosaccharides are then used for energy production or stored in the form of glycogen. Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide made from glucose monomers by dehydration synthesis.

Furthermore, monosaccharides are used as raw material for small organic building blocks like nucleic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids. Most animals cannot digest cellulose that is synthesized by plants. Instead, the insoluble fiber passes through the digestive system with very beneficial side effects: it helps pass food along and increases the amount of water that is retained in the intestine. Some animals, such as cows, have bacteria in their gut that produce enzymes to break down cellulose, thereby making glucose available to the cow.

How can amylose the linear part of starch , glycogen, and cellulose all be made of the same base component but differ in their properties?

The difference lies in the type of linkage between individual glucose molecules.